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Amethyst
Amethyst is a variety of quartz, mined in Brazil, Kenya, Madagascar, Uruguay and Zambia. It comes in shades of pale lilac to luxuriant deep purple and has served as a regal symbol throughout history. Kings, queens and pharaohs, as well as leading religious dignitaries have long treasured it because of its rich, royal colour. Its history can be traced back to 2500 BC where it was polished into cabochons (domed top with a flat bottom) and set into rings. Such is its long history it is believed to have many supernatural powers that are beneficial to the wearer such as sobriety, contentment, spirituality, healing, peace, happiness, love, and intuition. It was also a favoured gem in art nouveau jewellery. Today the amethyst comes in a variety of shapes and cuts (cabochon, facetted and multifaceted) and looks best when set in gold with diamonds; the combination of purple and diamonds being a classic.
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Aquamarine
Aquamarine, whose name comes from the Latin for "sea water," is a member of the beryl family and mined in Brazil (major source), Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Tanzania and Zambia. Its colour ranges from greenish blue to light green blue, has excellent clarity and can be found in large sizes. Today aquamarines are heat treated to intensify their rich blue colour.
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Blue Topaz
Blue Topaz is a wonderful gem mined in Brazil, Mozambique, Nigeria and Russia. Until recent times topaz was more commonly thought of as a yellow or golden gemstone, but with modern treatment processes (heat and irradiation), the less popular colours can be turned into blue topaz. The exciting range of brilliant blues achievable has made the blue topaz very popular in jewellery manufacture particularly as a substitute for the Ceylon sapphire. The lightest blue topaz gems are often referred to as Sky blue topaz, the more pastel gemstones are called Swiss blue topaz whilst the more intense, darker gems are commonly named London blue topaz.
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Citrine
Citrine, mined in Bolivia, Brazil and Spain is a variety of quartz and is popular for its warm yellow to orange colours and its affordable pricing. Another one of citrine's assets is its wide range of sizes - citrines in 20-carat sizes are not uncommon! Citrine's versatility and wearability make it a popular choice for jewellery, either used alone or combined with diamonds or other gems. Before the development of modern mineralogy, at a time when gems were identified by colour, Citrine was often mistaken for the similarly coloured topaz. Its name derives from the Latin word citrus, meaning "citron." Almost all Citrine is heat-treated to enhance its colour.
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Tanzanite
Tanzanite is named after Tanzania, where the gem was discovered in about 1967 making it one of the more recent additions in jewellery manufacture. Heat-treating the gem produces a range of colours, from light to dark shades of violet blue to pure blue, the most valued variety being a sapphire blue colour with flashes of purple. It also possesses a quality called pleochroism, which means it will show different shades of purple and blue when viewed from different angles. Thanks to this unusual quality and the help of the New York jeweller's Tiffany, it has rapidly become one of the most coveted gemstones in the world.
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Topaz
Topaz, mined in Australia, Brazil, Mexico and the United States, comes in a wide range of colours, from colourless to blues, reds and purples, to shades of brown that many people recognise. Topaz is usually named for its colour, such as blue topaz or pink topaz. Special trade names include imperial topaz, an expensive variety in shades of medium reddish orange to orange-red, and sherry topaz, which is yellowish brown to orange shades. Consumers sometimes confuse Citrine or smoky quartz with topaz. Common treatments for topaz are heat, which can change some yellow or brown gems to pink, and irradiation and heat, which produces most medium to dark-blue topaz.
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Tourmaline
Tourmaline, mined in Brazil, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sri Lanka and Tanzania, rivals all but the most unique gems as it is found in an incredible array of attractive colours. Coming in a palette of over 100 different hues, Tourmaline is one of the world's most diverse gemstones, its colour often enhanced through heat or irradiation. In the trade colours ranging from light pink to deep red in colour are known as Rubellite.
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